絕緣材料介電強(qiáng)度測(cè)試儀/塑料薄膜電氣強(qiáng)度測(cè)試儀-計(jì)算機(jī)控制

ZJC-50KV(5萬(wàn)伏)

滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：GB/T 1408-2006 絕緣材料電氣強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)方法

          GB/T1695-2005 硫化橡膠工頻電壓擊穿強(qiáng)度和耐電壓強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)

          GB/T3333 電纜紙工頻電壓擊穿試驗(yàn)方法

          HG/T 3330絕緣漆漆膜擊穿強(qiáng)度測(cè)定法

          GB/T 12656 電容器紙工頻電壓擊穿試驗(yàn)方法

          ASTM D149 固體電絕緣材料在工業(yè)電源頻率下的介電擊穿電壓和介電強(qiáng)度的試驗(yàn)方法.

ZJC-50KV   ZJC-100KV 可選

一、適用范圍及功能

絕緣材料介電強(qiáng)度測(cè)試儀/塑料薄膜電氣強(qiáng)度測(cè)試儀主要適用于固體絕緣材料（如：塑料、橡膠、層壓材料、薄膜、樹(shù)脂、云母、陶瓷、玻璃、絕緣漆等絕緣材料及絕緣件）在工頻電壓或直流電壓下?lián)舸?qiáng)度和耐電壓的測(cè)試。

由電腦控制，是我公司自主研發(fā)的全新第三代介電擊穿檢測(cè)儀器，電子控制系統(tǒng)是通過(guò)西門(mén)子PLC控制，數(shù)據(jù)采集方式通過(guò)光電隔離，有效解決試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中的抗干擾問(wèn)題，軟件操作使用方便，能夠?qū)崟r(shí)顯示動(dòng)態(tài)曲線，同時(shí)升壓速率無(wú)級(jí)可調(diào)，可以根據(jù)自己的需要進(jìn)行升壓速率調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)節(jié)范圍在100V-3000V/S，使升壓速率真正做到勻速、準(zhǔn)確，并能夠準(zhǔn)確測(cè)出漏電電流的數(shù)據(jù)?？蓪?shí)時(shí)繪制試驗(yàn)曲線，顯示試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，判斷準(zhǔn)確，并可保存，分析，打印試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。

系統(tǒng)能夠自動(dòng)判別試樣擊穿并采集擊穿電壓數(shù)據(jù)及泄露電流，同時(shí)能夠在擊穿的瞬間電壓迅速降低自動(dòng)歸零。軟件系統(tǒng)操作方便，性能穩(wěn)定，安全可靠。

二、軟件功能:

01、軟件平臺(tái)：WINDOWS窗口操作平臺(tái)，界面直觀，便于操作

02、曲線顯示：在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中可以動(dòng)態(tài)顯示試驗(yàn)曲線

03、數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)出：可以對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果導(dǎo)入EXCEL表格

04、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告：可以人為設(shè)置報(bào)告名稱(chēng)，并對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告進(jìn)行打印

05、試驗(yàn)方式：可以根據(jù)需求對(duì)直流試驗(yàn)和交流試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行靈活選擇

06、試驗(yàn)方法：可以根據(jù)需求自行選擇擊穿電壓、耐壓試驗(yàn)、梯度試驗(yàn)

07、參數(shù)設(shè)置：可以根據(jù)不同的試驗(yàn)方式及試驗(yàn)方法靈活設(shè)置所需的不同參數(shù)值

08、試樣設(shè)置：可對(duì)不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的試樣參數(shù)靈活設(shè)置

09、人員管理：設(shè)置用戶(hù)名及密碼，不同的操作員登入進(jìn)行不同的試驗(yàn)，互不影響

10、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇：含有不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可根據(jù)需求自行選擇

11、連續(xù)操作：連續(xù)操作試驗(yàn)時(shí)，可直接在軟件里結(jié)束試驗(yàn)，進(jìn)行二次試驗(yàn)

三、技術(shù)要求：

01、輸入電壓： 交流 220 V
02、輸出電壓： 交流 0--50 KV ; 
               直流 0—50 KV
03、電器容量： 3KVA
04、高壓分級(jí)： 0--5KV； 0-10KV； 0--20KV；0--50KV 

05、升壓速率： 100 V/S  200 V/S  500 V/S  1000 V/S  2500 V/S  3000 V/S   

06、試驗(yàn)方式：
           直流試驗(yàn)：1、勻速升壓  2、梯度升壓  3、耐壓試驗(yàn) 
           交流試驗(yàn)：1、勻速升壓  2、梯度升壓  3、耐壓試驗(yàn)

07、擊穿判停方式：1、電壓判停  2、電流判停
  08、電壓試驗(yàn)精度： ≤ 1％

09、電極規(guī)格：1、片材電極 ￠25mm  兩個(gè)   片材電極 ￠75mm一個(gè)

10、主機(jī)尺寸：長(zhǎng)寬高-800*700*1600（MM）

11、操作臺(tái)尺寸：長(zhǎng)寬高-800*700*650（MM）

12、油槽尺寸：長(zhǎng)寬高-300*200*150

13、設(shè)備重量：約100KG
四、安全保護(hù)：

 本儀器具有比較完善的安全防護(hù)措施：

本試驗(yàn)儀器電路保護(hù)控制：

（1）超壓保護(hù) （2）過(guò)流保護(hù) （3）短路保護(hù) （4）漏電保護(hù) （5）軟件誤操作保護(hù)

五、試驗(yàn)方式

1、絕緣試樣空氣中試驗(yàn)

2、絕緣試樣浸油中試驗(yàn)

六、試驗(yàn)界面

參數(shù)設(shè)置界面截圖

打印預(yù)覽界面截圖

七、主要配置

Voltage breakdown tester - computer control
ZJC-50KV (50 thousand volts)
Meet the standard: electrical strength test method for 1408-2006 GB/T insulating material
Test of power frequency voltage breakdown strength and voltage endurance of GB/T1695-2005 vulcanized rubber
Test method for power frequency voltage breakdown of GB/T3333 cable paper
Determination of breakdown strength of HG/T 3330 insulating paint film
Test method for power frequency voltage breakdown of GB/T 12656 capacitor paper
Standard Test Method for dielectric breakdown voltage and dielectric strength of D149 ASTM solid electrical insulating materials at industrial power frequencies.
Applicable scope and function
The dielectric strength of electrical film / rubber plastic dielectric strength tester is mainly used in solid insulating materials (such as: plastic, rubber, lamination material, film, resin, mica, ceramic, glass, insulating paint and other insulation materials and parts) in the frequency of the voltage or DC voltage breakdown strength and voltage withstand test hit.
Thin film electrical dielectric strength / rubber plastic dielectric strength tester controlled by computer, is my company independent research and development of new third generation dielectric breakdown testing instrument, electrical film dielectric strength of rubber / plastic dielectric strength tester electronic control system is controlled by SIEMENS PLC, a data acquisition mode by photoelectric isolation, effectively solve anti interference problem in the test process, the software has the advantages of convenient operation, can display the dynamic curve, while the pressure rate can be adjusted, can according to their own needs to boost rate adjustment, adjustment in the range of 100V-3000V/S, so that the pressure rate truly uniform and accurate, and can accuray measure the leakage current data. Can draw the test curve in real time, display the test data, judge accuray, and can save, analysis, print the test data.
The dielectric strength of electrical film / rubber plastic dielectric strength test instrument system can automatically determine the sample breakdown and acquisition breakdown voltage and leakage current data, and can rapidly reduce the auto zero at the instant of the breakdown voltage. Software system is easy to operate, stable performance, safe and reliable.
Two, software function:
01, software platform: WINDOWS window operating platform, intuitive interface, easy to operate
02, the curve shows: in the experimental process can be dynamic display test curve
03, data export: the test results can be imported into the EXCEL table
04, the experimental report: you can set the name of the report, and the report of the experiment to print
05, test methods: according to the needs of the DC test and AC test for flexible selection
06, test methods: according to the demand to choose their own breakdown voltage, voltage test, gradient test
07, parameter setting: according to different test methods and test methods can be flexibly set the different parameters
08, sample setting: can be different standards of the sample parameters of flexible settings
09, personnel management: set the user name and password, different operators to log in for different tests, do not affect each other
10, the standard choice: contains different standards, according to the needs of their own choice
11, continuous operation: continuous operation of the test, can be directly in the software to end the test, the two test
Three, technical requirements:
01, input voltage: AC 220 V
02, output voltage: AC KV 0--50;
DC 0 - 50 KV
03, electrical capacity: 3KVA
04, high pressure classification: 0--5KV; 0-10KV; 0--20KV; 0--50KV
05, boost speed: 100 V/S 200 V/S 500 V/S 1000 V/S 2500 V/S 3000 V/S
06, test methods:
DC test: 1, uniform step up 2, gradient boost 3, pressure test
AC test: 1, uniform step up 2, gradient boost 3, pressure test
07, breakdown and sentenced to stop: 1, voltage sentenced to stop 2, the current sentenced to stop
08, voltage test accuracy: less than 1%
09, electrode size: 1, two 25mm of electrode sheet sheet electrode of a 75mm
10, the host size: long and wide high -800*700*1600 (MM)
11, operating table size: long and wide high -800*700*650 (MM)
12, oil tank size: long and wide high -300*200*150
13, equipment weight: about 100KG
Four, safety protection:
The instrument has more perfect security measures:
Circuit protection and control of the test instrument:
(1) over voltage protection (2) over current protection (3) short circuit protection (4) leakage protection (5) software error operation protection
Five, test methods
1, insulation test specimens in the air
2, insulation test specimen immersed in

擊穿形式有哪些？

電介質(zhì)擊穿

固體電介質(zhì)擊穿 導(dǎo)致?lián)舸┑膠ui低臨界電壓稱(chēng)為擊穿電壓。均勻電場(chǎng)中，擊穿電壓與介質(zhì)厚度之比稱(chēng)為擊穿電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)，又稱(chēng)介電強(qiáng)度）。它反映固體電介質(zhì)自身的耐電強(qiáng)度。不均勻電場(chǎng)中，擊穿電壓與擊穿處介質(zhì)厚度之比稱(chēng)為平均擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)，它低于均勻電場(chǎng)中固體介質(zhì)的介電強(qiáng)度。固體介質(zhì)擊穿后，由于有巨大電流通過(guò)，介質(zhì)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)熔化或燒焦的通道，或出現(xiàn)裂紋。脆性介質(zhì)擊穿時(shí)，常發(fā)生材料的碎裂，可據(jù)此破碎非金屬礦石。

固體電介質(zhì)擊穿

固體電介質(zhì)擊穿有3種形式 ：電擊穿、熱擊穿和電化學(xué)擊穿。

電擊穿

電擊穿是因電場(chǎng)使電介質(zhì)中積聚起足夠數(shù)量和能量的帶電質(zhì)點(diǎn)而導(dǎo)致電介質(zhì)失去絕緣性能。熱擊穿是因在電場(chǎng)作用下，電介質(zhì)內(nèi)部熱量積累、溫度過(guò)高而導(dǎo)致失去絕緣能力。電化學(xué)擊穿是在電場(chǎng)、溫度等因素作用下，電介質(zhì)發(fā)生緩慢的化學(xué)變化，性能逐漸劣化，zui終喪失絕緣能力。固體電介質(zhì)的化學(xué)變化通常使其電導(dǎo)增加 ， 這會(huì)使介質(zhì)的溫度上升，因而電化學(xué)擊穿的zui終形式是熱擊穿。溫度和電壓作用時(shí)間對(duì)電擊穿的影響小，對(duì)熱擊穿和電化學(xué)擊穿的影響大；電場(chǎng)局部不均勻性對(duì)熱擊穿的影響小，對(duì)其他兩種影響大。

熱擊穿

當(dāng)固體電介質(zhì)承受電壓作用時(shí)，介質(zhì)損耗是電介質(zhì)發(fā)熱、溫度升高；而電介質(zhì)的電阻具有負(fù)溫度系數(shù)，所以電流進(jìn)一步增大，損耗發(fā)熱也隨之增加。電解質(zhì)的熱擊穿是由電介質(zhì)內(nèi)部的熱不平衡過(guò)程造成的。如果發(fā)熱量大于散熱量，電介質(zhì)溫度就會(huì)不斷上升，形成惡性循環(huán)，引起電介質(zhì)分解、炭化等，電氣強(qiáng)度下降，zui終導(dǎo)致?lián)舸?/span>

熱擊穿的特點(diǎn)是：擊穿電壓隨溫度的升高而下降，擊穿電壓與散熱條件有關(guān)，如電介質(zhì)厚度大，則散熱困難，因此擊穿電壓并不隨電介質(zhì)厚度成正比增加；當(dāng)外施電壓頻率增高時(shí)，擊穿電壓將下降。

電化學(xué)擊穿

固體電介質(zhì)受到電、熱、化學(xué)和機(jī)械力的長(zhǎng)期作用時(shí)，其物理和化學(xué)性能會(huì)發(fā)生不可逆的老化，擊穿電壓逐漸下降，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間擊穿電壓常常只有短時(shí)擊穿電壓的幾分之一，這種絕緣擊穿成為電化學(xué)擊穿。

液體電介質(zhì)擊穿

純凈液體電介質(zhì)與含雜質(zhì)的工程液體電介質(zhì)的擊穿機(jī)理不同。對(duì)前者主要有電擊穿理論和氣泡擊穿理論，對(duì)后者有氣體橋擊穿理論。沿液體和固體電介質(zhì)分界面的放電現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)為液體電介質(zhì)中的沿面放電。這種放電不僅使液體變質(zhì)，而且放電產(chǎn)生的熱作用和劇烈的壓力變化可能使固體介質(zhì)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生氣泡。經(jīng)多次作用會(huì)使固體介質(zhì)出現(xiàn)分層、開(kāi)裂現(xiàn)象，放電有可能在固體介質(zhì)內(nèi)發(fā)展，絕緣結(jié)構(gòu)的擊穿電壓因此下降。脈沖電壓下液體電介質(zhì)擊穿時(shí)，常出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)力氣體沖擊波（即電水錘），可用于水下探礦、橋墩探傷及人體內(nèi)臟結(jié)石的體外破碎。

氣體電介質(zhì)擊穿

在電場(chǎng)作用下氣體分子發(fā)生碰撞電離而導(dǎo)致電極間的貫穿性放電。其影響因素很多，主要有作用電壓、電板形狀、氣體的性質(zhì)及狀態(tài)等。氣體介質(zhì)擊穿常見(jiàn)的有直流電壓擊穿、工頻電壓擊穿、高氣壓電擊穿、沖擊電壓擊穿、高真空電擊穿、負(fù)電性氣體擊穿等?？諝馐呛芎玫臍怏w絕緣材料，電離場(chǎng)強(qiáng)和擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)高，擊穿后能迅速恢復(fù)絕緣性能，且不燃、不爆、不老化、無(wú)腐蝕性，因而得到廣泛應(yīng)用。為提供高電壓輸電線或變電所的空氣間隙距離的設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)（高壓輸電線應(yīng)離地面多高等），需進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)空氣間隙的工頻擊穿試驗(yàn)。

High breakdown voltage breakdown strength of solid form?
Dielectric breakdown
Solid dielectric breakdown leads to the lowest critical breakdown voltage is called breakdown voltage. In a uniform electric field, breakdown voltage and dielectric thickness is called breakdown field strength (the breakdown strength, and dielectric strength). It reflects the dielectric strength of solid dielectrics. Not in uniform electric field, breakdown voltage and breakdown at the medium thickness ratio as it is below the average breakdown strength, dielectric strength of the solid medium in a uniform electric field. Solid dielectric breakdown, due to a huge current through, there will be melted or charred in the medium channel, or cracks. Brittle dielectric breakdown often occurs, materials can be broken, broken non metallic ore.
Solid dielectric breakdown
Solid dielectric breakdown has 3 forms: breakdown, thermal breakdown and electrochemical breakdown.
Breakdown
Breakdown is due to electric field to charged particle dielectric accumulated enough quantity and energy due to the dielectric lose insulation performance. The thermal breakdown is due in the electric field, the heat inside dielectric accumulation, high temperature caused loss of insulating ability. The electrochemical breakdown is factors in the role of the electric field, temperature, dielectric chemical changes occur slowly, the performance gradually degrades, eventually lose the insulating ability. The chemical changes of solid dielectrics usually make the conductance increase, which makes up the medium temperature, so the final form of the electrochemical breakdown is thermal breakdown. Effect of time on the effect of temperature and voltage breakdown, influence on thermal breakdown and electrochemical breakdown; local field inhomogeneities on the thermal breakdown of the impact of small, on the other two kinds of influence.
Thermal breakdown
When the solid dielectric withstand voltage effect, the dielectric loss is increased and the dielectric heating, temperature; dielectric resistance with negative temperature coefficient, so the current is further increased, heat loss also increases. The thermal breakdown of electrolyte is a dielectric internal thermal imbalance caused by the process. If the heat is greater than the quantity of heat, the dielectric temperature will continue to rise, forming a vicious spiral, caused by dielectric decomposition, carbonization, electrical breakdown strength decreased, resulting in.
The characteristics of thermal breakdown is: breakdown voltage decreased with the increase of temperature, breakdown voltage and heat dissipation conditions, such as the thickness of the dielectric, difficult heat dissipation, so the breakdown voltage does not with the dielectric thickness is proportional to the increase; when the applied voltage frequency increased, breakdown voltage will drop.
Electrochemical breakdown
Solid dielectric is the long-term effects of electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical force, and their physical and chemical properties will irreversibly aging, breakdown voltage decreased gradually, breakdown voltage for a long time often only a fraction of the short-time breakdown voltage, the insulation breakdown as electrochemical breakdown.
Liquid dielectric breakdown
The breakdown mechanism of pure liquid dielectrics is different from that of the engineering liquid dielectrics containing impurities. The former is mainly about the theory of electric breakdown and bubble breakdown, and the latter has the theory of gas bridge breakdown. The discharge of liquid and solid dielectric interface is called liquid dielectric surface discharge. This discharge not only causes the liquid to degenerate, but also the heat generated by the discharge and the intense pressure change may cause the bubble in the solid medium. After many functions, the solid media can be layered and cracked, and the discharge is likely to develop in the solid medium, and the breakdown voltage of the insulation structure is decreased. When the liquid dielectric breakdown under the impulse voltage, the strong gas shock wave (namely the electric water hammer), can be used for underwater exploration, bridge pier flaw detection and the body's internal organs stones in vitro broken.
Gas dielectric breakdown
Through the electric field, the gas molecules collide with the ionization, which leads to the penetration of the electrodes. It has many influencing factors, mainly by the voltage, electrode shape, gas properties and etc.. Gas dielectric breakdown in common with DC breakdown voltage, power frequency breakdown voltage, high pressure electric breakdown, impulse voltage breakdown, high vacuum shock, wear breakdown in electronegative gases. Air is a good gas insulation material, ionization and breakdown field strength high, after the breakdown can quickly restore the insulation performance, and non flammable, non explosive, non aging, non corrosive, and thus widely used. In order to provide the design basis for the air gap distance between the high voltage transmission line and the substation (high voltage transmission line should be high), the power frequency breakdown test of long air gap is required.

關(guān)于設(shè)備論述

       在強(qiáng)電場(chǎng)作用下，固體電介質(zhì)喪失電絕緣能力而由絕緣狀態(tài)突變?yōu)榱紝?dǎo)電狀態(tài)。導(dǎo)致?lián)舸┑膠ui低臨界電壓稱(chēng)為擊穿電壓。均勻電場(chǎng)中，擊穿電壓與固體電介質(zhì)厚度之比稱(chēng)為擊穿電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)，又稱(chēng)介電強(qiáng)度），它反映固體電介質(zhì)自身的耐電強(qiáng)度。不均勻電場(chǎng)中，擊穿電壓與擊穿處固體電介質(zhì)厚度之比稱(chēng)為平均擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)，它低于均勻電場(chǎng)中固體電介質(zhì)的介電強(qiáng)度。固體電介質(zhì)發(fā)生擊穿后,由于有巨大的電流通過(guò),電介質(zhì)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)熔化或燒焦的通道，或出現(xiàn)機(jī)械損傷的裂紋。固體電介質(zhì)的這些變化是不可逆的，不能自己恢復(fù)原來(lái)的絕緣性能。脆性固體電介質(zhì)擊穿時(shí)，常發(fā)生材料的碎裂，故可用擊穿效應(yīng)來(lái)破碎非金屬礦石等。
 

　　 擊穿形式　根據(jù)擊穿的發(fā)展過(guò)程，固體電介質(zhì)的擊穿可分為3種形式:電擊穿、熱擊穿和電化學(xué)擊穿。它們的一般特征如表所示。同一種電介質(zhì)中發(fā)生何種形式的擊穿，取決于不同的外界因素。隨著擊穿過(guò)程中固體電介質(zhì)內(nèi)部的變化，擊穿過(guò)程可以從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N形式?！?    電擊穿 　取決于固體電介質(zhì)中碰撞電離的一種擊穿形式。電場(chǎng)使電介質(zhì)中積聚起足夠數(shù)量和足夠能量的帶電質(zhì)點(diǎn)，導(dǎo)致電介質(zhì)喪失絕緣性能。對(duì)于電擊穿有以下幾種不同的理論解釋?zhuān)罕菊鲹舸?、電子崩擊穿和電致機(jī)械應(yīng)力擊穿，通常以本征擊穿代表電擊穿，所以電擊穿有時(shí)又稱(chēng)本征擊穿。本征擊穿過(guò)程所需時(shí)間為10-8s數(shù)量級(jí)，擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)大于1MV/cm。
 

　　固體電介質(zhì)內(nèi)總會(huì)存在少量自由傳導(dǎo)(處于導(dǎo)帶的)電子。在電場(chǎng)作用下，它們會(huì)從電場(chǎng)獲取能量。單位時(shí)間內(nèi)這些電子取得的能量A與電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度E、電子本身能量W、點(diǎn)格溫度T有關(guān)。另一方面，傳導(dǎo)電子也將因與固體電介質(zhì)點(diǎn)格發(fā)生碰撞而失去一部分能量。單位時(shí)間內(nèi)傳導(dǎo)電子失去的能量B與W和T有關(guān)。當(dāng)點(diǎn)格溫度T為定值時(shí)，A、B與W的關(guān)系如圖1所示。圖中E2>EC>E1。當(dāng)外加電場(chǎng)為E2>EC時(shí),因一部分傳導(dǎo)電子的能量處于W2～WC之間，單位時(shí)間內(nèi)這些電子獲得的能量A始終大于失去的能量B，電子被加速，碰撞點(diǎn)格時(shí)產(chǎn)生電離,使處于導(dǎo)帶的電子不斷增加，電流急劇上升,zui終導(dǎo)致固體電介質(zhì)擊穿。當(dāng)外加電場(chǎng)為E1EC時(shí),雖然偶而會(huì)有能量大于W1的電子出現(xiàn),且因此時(shí)A>B而使點(diǎn)格發(fā)生碰撞電離、產(chǎn)生新的傳導(dǎo)電子；但因電子能量大于W1的概率很低,所以傳導(dǎo)電子不斷增多的過(guò)程很難出現(xiàn),固體電介質(zhì)不會(huì)擊穿。處于臨界狀態(tài)的EC即為固體電介質(zhì)的介電強(qiáng)度。
 

　　熱擊穿在電場(chǎng)作用下，固體電介質(zhì)承受的電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度雖不足以發(fā)生電擊穿，但因電介質(zhì)內(nèi)部熱量積累、溫度過(guò)高而導(dǎo)致失去絕緣能力，從而由絕緣狀態(tài)突變?yōu)榱紝?dǎo)電狀態(tài)。
 

　　固體電介質(zhì)在電場(chǎng)作用下將因電導(dǎo)和極化損耗而發(fā)熱。單位時(shí)間內(nèi)固體電介質(zhì)的發(fā)熱量A與作用電壓U、介質(zhì)溫度t有關(guān)。另一方面固體電介質(zhì)也將向四周散發(fā)熱量。單位時(shí)間內(nèi)固體電介質(zhì)的散熱量B與(t-t0)有關(guān)(t0為環(huán)境溫度)。A、B與t的關(guān)系如圖2所示。圖中U2>UC>U1。當(dāng)外加電壓U2>UC時(shí)，固體電介質(zhì)中的發(fā)熱量A大于散熱量B，介質(zhì)溫度上升,且因A始終大于B,所以固體電介質(zhì)的溫度不斷上升，zui終介質(zhì)被燒焦、燒熔或燒裂，喪失絕緣性能，發(fā)生熱擊穿。當(dāng)外加電壓U1UC時(shí),雖然開(kāi)始時(shí)A>B,固體電介質(zhì)溫度上升;但當(dāng)溫度升到t1時(shí)，發(fā)熱量A與散熱量B相等，建立起了熱平衡。此時(shí),若介質(zhì)能耐受溫度t1的作用,則固體電介質(zhì)能正常工作,不會(huì)發(fā)生熱擊穿。當(dāng)外加電壓等于UC時(shí),當(dāng)介質(zhì)溫度升到t2時(shí)，建立起了熱平衡，但不穩(wěn)定。溫度略有升高,發(fā)熱量A即大于散熱量B,zui終仍然發(fā)生熱擊穿。電壓UC是發(fā)生熱擊穿的臨界電壓。
 

　　電化學(xué)擊穿 　在電場(chǎng)、溫度等因素作用下，固體電介質(zhì)發(fā)生緩慢的化學(xué)變化，性能逐漸劣化，zui終喪失絕緣能力，從而由絕緣狀態(tài)突變?yōu)榱紝?dǎo)電狀態(tài)。電化學(xué)擊穿過(guò)程包括兩部分：因固體電介質(zhì)發(fā)生化學(xué)變化而引起的電介質(zhì)老化；與老化有關(guān)的擊穿過(guò)程。
 

　　固體電介質(zhì)發(fā)生緩慢化學(xué)變化的原因多種多樣。直流電壓下，固體電介質(zhì)因離子電導(dǎo)而發(fā)生電解，結(jié)果在電極附近形成導(dǎo)電的金屬樹(shù)枝狀物，甚至從一個(gè)電極伸展到另一個(gè)電極。在電場(chǎng)作用下，固體電介質(zhì)內(nèi)部的氣泡中，或不同固體電介質(zhì)之間的氣隙或油隙中，會(huì)發(fā)生局部放電。與固體電介質(zhì)接觸的電極邊緣場(chǎng)強(qiáng)較強(qiáng)的局部區(qū)域內(nèi)如有氣體或液體電介質(zhì)，這里也會(huì)發(fā)生局部放電。局部放電的長(zhǎng)期作用會(huì)使固體電介質(zhì)逐步損壞。空氣中的放電將形成臭氧、氮的氧化物等化學(xué)性質(zhì)活潑的物質(zhì)，它們會(huì)使固體電介質(zhì)發(fā)生化學(xué)變化。對(duì)有機(jī)固體電介質(zhì)，在電極上*處或微小空氣隙處，會(huì)發(fā)生樹(shù)枝狀放電，并留下炭化痕跡。
 

　　電場(chǎng)越強(qiáng)，溫度越高，電壓作用時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，固體電介質(zhì)的化學(xué)變化進(jìn)行得越強(qiáng)烈，其性能的劣化也越嚴(yán)重。
 

　　固體電介質(zhì)的化學(xué)變化通常使其電導(dǎo)增加，這會(huì)使固體電介質(zhì)的溫度上升，因而電化學(xué)擊穿的zui終形式是熱擊穿。
 

　　影響因素 　影響固體電介質(zhì)擊穿電壓的主要因素有：電場(chǎng)的不均勻程度，作用電壓的種類(lèi)及施加的時(shí)間，溫度，固體電介質(zhì)性能、結(jié)構(gòu)，電壓作用次數(shù)，機(jī)械負(fù)荷，受潮等。
 

　?、匐妶?chǎng)的不均勻程度：均勻、致密的固體電介質(zhì)在均勻電場(chǎng)中的擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)可達(dá)1～10MV/cm。擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)決定于物質(zhì)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，與外界因素的關(guān)系較小。當(dāng)電介質(zhì)厚度增加時(shí)，由于電介質(zhì)本身的不均勻性，擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)會(huì)下降。當(dāng)厚度極小時(shí) (-3～10-4cm)，擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)又會(huì)增加。電場(chǎng)越不均勻，擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)下降越多。電場(chǎng)局部加強(qiáng)處容易產(chǎn)生局部放電，在局部放電的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間作用下，固體電介質(zhì)將產(chǎn)生化學(xué)擊穿。
 

　?、谧饔秒妷簳r(shí)間、種類(lèi)：固體電介質(zhì)的三種擊穿形式與電壓作用時(shí)間有密切關(guān)系 （圖3）。同一種固體電介質(zhì)，在相同電場(chǎng)分布下，其雷電沖擊擊穿電壓通常大于工頻擊穿電壓，且直流擊穿電壓也大于工頻擊穿電壓。交流電壓頻率增高時(shí)，由于局部放電更強(qiáng)，介質(zhì)損耗更大，發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重，更易發(fā)生熱擊穿或?qū)е禄瘜W(xué)擊穿提前到來(lái)。
 

　?、蹨囟龋寒?dāng)溫度較低，處于電擊穿范圍內(nèi)時(shí)，固體電介質(zhì)的擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)與溫度基本無(wú)關(guān)。當(dāng)溫度稍高，固體電介質(zhì)可能發(fā)生熱擊穿。周?chē)鷾囟仍礁?，散熱條件越差，熱擊穿電壓就越低。
 

　?、芄腆w電介質(zhì)性能、結(jié)構(gòu)：工程用固體電介質(zhì)往往不很均勻、致密，其中的氣孔或其他缺陷會(huì)使電場(chǎng)畸變，損害固體電介質(zhì)。電介質(zhì)厚度過(guò)大，會(huì)使電場(chǎng)分布不均勻，散熱不易，降低擊穿場(chǎng)強(qiáng)。固體電介質(zhì)本身的導(dǎo)熱性好，電導(dǎo)率或介質(zhì)損耗小，則熱擊穿電壓會(huì)提高。
 

　?、蓦妷鹤饔么螖?shù)：當(dāng)電壓作用時(shí)間不夠長(zhǎng)，或電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度不夠高時(shí),電介質(zhì)中可能來(lái)不及發(fā)生*擊穿,而只發(fā)生不*擊穿。這種現(xiàn)象在極不均勻電場(chǎng)中和雷電沖擊電壓作用下特別顯著。在電壓的多次作用下，一系列的不*擊穿將導(dǎo)致介質(zhì)的*擊穿。由不*擊穿導(dǎo)致固體電介質(zhì)性能劣化而積累起來(lái)的效應(yīng)稱(chēng)為累積效應(yīng)。
 

　?、迿C(jī)械負(fù)荷：固體電介質(zhì)承受機(jī)械負(fù)荷時(shí)，若材料開(kāi)裂或出現(xiàn)微觀裂縫，擊穿電壓將下降。
 

　?、呤艹保汗腆w電介質(zhì)受潮后，擊穿電壓將下降。
 

　　提高擊穿電壓措施　根據(jù)固體電介質(zhì)的擊穿形式及影響擊穿電壓的因素，提高固體電介質(zhì)擊穿電壓的主要措施有:①改善電場(chǎng)分布（見(jiàn)電場(chǎng)調(diào)整）,如電極邊緣的固體電介質(zhì)表面涂半導(dǎo)電漆；②調(diào)整多層絕緣中各層電介質(zhì)所承受的電壓；③對(duì)多孔性、纖維性材料經(jīng)干燥后浸油、浸漆,以防止吸潮,提高局部放電起始電壓；④加強(qiáng)冷卻，提高熱擊穿電壓；⑤改善環(huán)境條件，防止高溫，避免潮氣、臭氧等有害物質(zhì)的侵蝕。

Discussion on electrical breakdown strength instrument and insulation dielectric strength equipment
Under the action of the strong electric field, the solid dielectric loss of electric insulation ability and the insulation state is a good state. The lowest critical voltage that causes breakdown is called the breakdown voltage. In a uniform electric field, the ratio of the breakdown voltage to the solid dielectric thickness is called the breakdown field strength (short for the breakdown field strength, and the dielectric strength), which reflects the strength of the solid dielectric. In the nonuniform electric field, the ratio of the breakdown voltage to the solid dielectric thickness is called the average breakdown field strength, which is lower than the dielectric strength of the solid dielectric in the uniform electric field. After the breakdown of the solid dielectric, because there is a huge current through, the dielectric will appear in the melting or burning of the channel, or the occurrence of mechanical damage crack. These changes in solid dielectrics are irreversible and cannot restore their original insulating properties. Brittle solid dielectric breakdown, often occurs when the material is broken, it can be used to break the effect of the breakdown of non-metallic minerals, etc..
Breakdown form according to the breakdown of the development process, the breakdown of solid dielectrics can be divided into 3 forms: breakdown, thermal breakdown and electrochemical breakdown. Their general characteristics are shown in the table. What kind of breakdown occurs in the same kind of dielectric depends on the different external factors. Breakdown process can be changed from one form to another with the change of the solid dielectric in the breakdown process. Electrical breakdown depends on a breakdown of the ionization of the solid medium. Electric field causes the dielectric medium to accumulate enough quantity and enough energy of charged particle, which leads to the loss of dielectric properties. For electrical breakdown, there are several different theories to explain: the intrinsic breakdown, the breakdown of the electron avalanche and the breakdown of the mechanical stress, usually by the breakdown of the breakdown on behalf of the electrical breakdown, so the breakdown is sometimes called the breakdown. The intrinsic breakdown time required to process the order of 10-8s, the breakdown strength of more than 1MV/cm.
There will always be a small amount of solid dielectrics in free transmission (in the electronic conduction band). In the electric field, they gain energy from the electric field. A associated with the electric field strength of E and W, lattice energy electron temperature T the electronic energy per unit time. On the other hand, will also be a result of conduction electrons and solid dielectric lattice collision and lose a part of energy. B and W and T of energy per unit time of conduction electrons lost. When the lattice temperature of T is constant, as shown in Figure 1 the relationship between A, B and W. Figure E2>EC>E1. When the applied electric field is E2>EC, due to a part of the conduction electron energy in W2 ~ WC, in unit time access to the electronic energy a always greater than the energy lost B, electrons are accelerated, the collision point lattice produce ionization, so that in the electrons in the conduction band of the increasing, a sharp rise in current, eventually leading to breakdown in solid dielectrics. When the applied electric field is E1EC, although occasionally have energies greater than the electronic W1, and because of this A>B the lattice collision ionization, and produced new conduction electrons; but for electron energies greater than W1 probability is very low, so increasing electronic conduction process is difficult to appear, solid dielectric does not breakdown. In the critical state of the EC is the dielectric strength of solid dielectrics.
Thermal breakdown under the action of electric field, electric field strength of solid dielectric withstand although not enough to electrical breakdown, but due to the dielectric, the internal heat accumulation, the temperature is too high and lead to loss of insulating ability, thus by the insulation state of mutation as a conducting state.
Solid dielectric in the electric field due to the conductivity and polarization loss and fever. Solid dielectric in unit time the calorific value of A and the role of U, the temperature of the medium voltage t. On the other hand, solid dielectric will emit heat to the surrounding. And the amount of heat dissipation of B solid dielectric in unit time (t-t0) (t0 is about ambient temperature). The relationship between A, B and t as shown in figure 2. Figure U2>UC>U1. When the applied voltage U2>UC, solid dielectric in the calorific value of a greater than heat dissipation B, medium temperature rise and because a is always greater than B, therefore increasing the temperature of solid dielectrics, final medium charred, fusing or burned bifida, loss of insulating properties, thermal breakdown. When the applied voltage is U1UC, although at the beginning of A>B, the temperature rise of solid dielectrics; but when the temperature rises to T1, heat A and heat dissipation is equal to B, set up the heat balance. At this time, if the media can tolerate the temperature of T1, while the solid dielectric can work normally, no thermal breakdown. When the applied voltage is equal to UC, when the medium temperature rises to T2, the establishment of heat balance, but not stable. The temperature increased slightly, calorific value A is greater than the heat dissipating capacity of B, eventually still thermal breakdown. Voltage UC is the thermal breakdown of the critical voltage.
The electrochemical breakdown factors in the role of the electric field, temperature, solid dielectric chemical changes occur slowly, the performance gradually degrades, eventually lose the insulation ability, thus mutation from an insulating state as a conducting state. Electrochemical breakdown process includes two parts: for solid dielectric chemical changes caused by aging and aging of dielectric breakdown process related.
Solid dielectric occurred in a variety of reasons of slow chemical change diversity. Under DC voltage, ionic conductivity and solid dielectrics due to electrolysis, results in the formation of a branch of the conductive metal near the electrode, even extending from one electrode to the other electrode. In the electric field, solid dielectric inside the bubble, the air gap or the oil gap between different or solid dielectrics, partial discharge will occur. Contact with the solid electrolyte electrode edge field strong local area such as a gas or liquid dielectric, here will be

客戶(hù)關(guān)注產(chǎn)品:

ZJC-50KV/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T1408-2006、ASTM D149

ZST-121體積表面電阻率測(cè)試儀/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T1410-2006、ASTM D257-99

ZJD-B介電常數(shù)介質(zhì)損耗測(cè)試儀/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T1409-2006

QYH-96塑料球壓痕硬度測(cè)試儀/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T3398-2008

M-200橡膠塑料摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T3960-1983

XRW-300HA熱變形維卡溫度測(cè)定儀/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T8802-2001

XNR-400A熔體流動(dòng)速率測(cè)定儀/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T3682-2000

CZF-5水平垂直燃燒試驗(yàn)儀/符合國(guó)標(biāo)GBGB/T5169.16-2002 、ANSI/UL94

JF-3氧指數(shù)測(cè)定儀GB/T 2406.2-2009 GB/T 2406.1-2008

DJC-1型單根電線電纜垂直燃燒試驗(yàn)機(jī)符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T18380.11-2008

DW-02點(diǎn)著溫度測(cè)定儀符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB4610-84

LDQ-2漏電起痕試驗(yàn)儀符合國(guó)標(biāo)UL746A、ASTM D 3638-92

PMSC-3塑料泡沫水平垂直燃燒試驗(yàn)儀符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T8333-2008

QSC-2汽車(chē)內(nèi)飾材料燃燒試驗(yàn)儀符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB8410-2006

XGB-10B管材靜液壓試驗(yàn)機(jī) 符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T6111、GB/T15560

XHG-20 管材環(huán)剛度試驗(yàn)機(jī)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 9647

WZY-240型萬(wàn)能制樣機(jī)符合國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T1043

XQZH-1缺口制樣機(jī)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T1043

XYZ-12啞鈴制樣機(jī)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T1040

Customer focus on product:
ZJC-50KV voltage breakdown tester / in line with the national standard ASTM, D149 GB/T1408-2006
ZST-121 volume surface resistivity tester / ASTM, D257-99 GB/T1410-2006
ZJD-B dielectric constant dielectric loss tester / in line with the national standard GB/T1409-2006
QYH-96 plastic ball indentation hardness tester / in line with the national standard GB/T3398-2008
M-200 rubber plastic friction and wear testing machine / in line with the national standard GB/T3960-1983
XRW-300HA thermal deformation VEKA temperature meter / accord with national standard GB/T8802-2001
XNR-400A melt flow rate meter / in line with the national standard GB/T3682-2000
CZF-5 horizontal vertical burning tester / in line with the national standard GBGB/T5169.16-2002, ANSI/UL94
JF-3 oxygen index measuring instrument 2406.2-2009 GB/T 2406.1-2008 GB/T
DJC-1 type single cable vertical burning test machine in accordance with the national standard GB/T18380.11-2008
DW-02 point of the temperature measuring instrument in line with the national standard GB4610-84
LDQ-2 tracking tester, ASTM D meet UL746A 3638-92
PMSC-3 plastic foam horizontal vertical combustion test instrument in line with the national standard GB/T8333-2008
QSC-2 automotive interior material combustion test instrument in line with the national standard GB8410-2006
XGB-10B pipe hydrostatic testing machine according to the standards of GB/T6111 and GB/T15560
XHG-20 pipe ring stiffness testing machine in line with the standard GB/T 9647
WZY-240 type universal system prototype conforms to the national standard GB/T1043
XQZH-1 notch prototype meets the standard GB/T1043
XYZ-12 dumbbell prototype is in line with the standard GB/T1040

售后服務(wù)承諾書(shū)

  1. 我公司在交付合同中的產(chǎn)品在辦理運(yùn)輸時(shí)，均已辦理保險(xiǎn)。因運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中引起產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量問(wèn)題的應(yīng)由本公司負(fù)責(zé)維修或調(diào)換，費(fèi)用由本公司承擔(dān)；但需方必須配合供方取得運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中儀器損壞的證明文件，以便供方向保險(xiǎn)公司進(jìn)索賠事宜。

  2. 我公司銷(xiāo)售給各客戶(hù)的產(chǎn)品均實(shí)行保修一年，終身維護(hù)產(chǎn)品服務(wù)（人為因素或不可抗拒的自然現(xiàn)象所引起的故障或破壞除外）。免費(fèi)保修期為購(gòu)貨日起一年內(nèi)，在保修期內(nèi)，無(wú)償更換由于原材料缺陷及制造工藝等問(wèn)題所發(fā)生損壞的相應(yīng)部件；一年以后，儀器出現(xiàn)損壞時(shí)，我公司只收取零部件的成本費(fèi)。

  3. 高度重視用戶(hù)對(duì)我公司產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量反饋的意見(jiàn)，無(wú)論來(lái)人、來(lái)電、來(lái)函、在24小時(shí)內(nèi)作出處理意見(jiàn)。并立即通知用戶(hù)。

 4 .我公司在儀器售出一次性免費(fèi)培訓(xùn)購(gòu)方操作人員，使受訓(xùn)人員了解設(shè)備的工作原理、操作規(guī)程、以及維護(hù)、保養(yǎng)方法。

5. 我公司建立了顧客檔案，以便定期進(jìn)行服務(wù)跟蹤和質(zhì)量跟蹤。

6. 公司將定期派出反饋員到顧客單位征求意見(jiàn)，檢查設(shè)備運(yùn)行情況，確保設(shè)備正常運(yùn)行。

7. 在保修期內(nèi)，以下情況將實(shí)行有償維修服務(wù)，

（1）由于人為或不可抗拒的自然現(xiàn)象而發(fā)生的損害

（2）由于操作不當(dāng)而造成的故障或損壞

（3）由于對(duì)產(chǎn)品不正確的安裝，經(jīng)他人維修而損壞

   以上是我公司對(duì)顧客的服務(wù)承諾，也是全體市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、售后服務(wù)人員的工作準(zhǔn)則，懇請(qǐng)顧客監(jiān)督實(shí)施。

After-sales service commitment
1 my company specified in the delivery of the contract products in in the process of transportation, has been handling the insurance. Due to the transport process caused by product quality shall be borne by the company responsible for the repair or replacement, the cost borne by the company; but the buyer must cooperate with the suppliers obtain transit instrument damage documentation for the insurance company claims matters.
. my company sells products to the customers are implemented for one year warranty, life-long maintenance products and services (human factors or irresistible natural phenomenon caused by the fault or failure except). Free warranty period to purchase within one year from the date, in the warranty period, free replacement due to a problem with the raw material defects and manufacturing processes, the damage to the corresponding parts; a year later, equipment damage, we only charge the cost of the components.
. attach great importance to the user of our company product quality feedback opinion, whether to, call us, us, within 24 hours made treatment advice. And immediay notify the user.
. our company in the instrument sold one-time free training purchase operation personnel, trained staff to understand the equipment working principle, operation rules and maintenance, maintenance methods.
Our company has established 5 customer files, to carry out regular service tracking and quality tracking.
6 the company will periodically send feedback to the customer unit for advice, check the operation condition of equipment to ensure the normal operation of equipment.
7 in the warranty period, the situation will be paid maintenance services,
(1) due to natural or man-made phenomenon of irresistible damage
(2) due to failure or damage caused by improper operation
(3) products due to improper installation, repair damaged by others
More than company customer service commitment, the implementation guidelines of is all marketing and after-sales service personnel, ask the customer supervision.

典型用戶(hù):

成都電子科技大學(xué)

大連理工大學(xué)

廣州華南理工大學(xué)

上?？臻g電源研究所

上海金由氟材料有限公司

江蘇合成新材料有限公司

中國(guó)科學(xué)院北京納米能源與系統(tǒng)研究所

中國(guó)建材檢驗(yàn)認(rèn)證集團(tuán)有限公司

中國(guó)*汽車(chē)股份有限公司技術(shù)中心

中國(guó)航天科技集團(tuán)烽火機(jī)械廠

沈陽(yáng)化工股份有限公司

江西宏特絕緣材料有限公司

山西省醫(yī)療器械檢測(cè)中心

廣東計(jì)量測(cè)試技術(shù)服務(wù)中心

北京博華信智科技股份有限公司

德昌電機(jī)（深圳）有限公司

康龍化成（北京）新藥技術(shù)有限公司

中電科微波通信（上海）股份有限公司

大慶市坤田化工科技有限公司

河北華夏實(shí)業(yè)有限公司

湘潭電機(jī)股份有限公司

*軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院試驗(yàn)儀器廠

重慶中科力泰高分子材料股份有限公司

杭州包爾得有機(jī)硅有限公司

江西騰徳實(shí)業(yè)有限公司

青島海源通塑料制品廠

西安科技大學(xué)

泰安魯怡高分子材料有限公司

Typical user:
Chengdu Electronic Technology University
Dalian University of Technology
South China University of Technology, Guangzhou
Shanghai Space Power Research Institute
Shanghai Jin by Fluorine Material Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu synthetic New Material Co., Ltd.
China Academy of Sciences Beijing Institute of nano energy and systems
China building materials inspection & Certification Group Co., Ltd.
China's first automotive Limited by Share Ltd Technical Center
Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Fenghuo Machinery Factory
Shenyang chemical Limited by Share Ltd
Jiangxi Hong te insulation material Co., Ltd.
Shanxi medical device testing center
Guangdong measuring and Testing Technology Service Center
Beijing Bohua letter chi Polytron Technologies Inc
Dechang electric machine (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.
Kanglong chemical (Beijing) new drug Technology Co., Ltd.
Division of microwave communication (Shanghai) Limited by Share Ltd
Daqing City Kun Tian Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
Hebei Huaxia Industrial Co., Ltd.
Xiangtan electric motor Limited by Share Ltd
The Chinese people's Liberation Army Military Medical Science Academy of the PLA test instrument factory
Chongqing thmisco polymer materials Limited by Share Ltd
Hangzhou bao'erde organosilicon Co., Ltd.
Jiangxi Teng de Industrial Co. Ltd.
Qingdao Haiyuan plastic products factory
Xi'an University of Science and Technology
Tai'an Lu Yi macromolecule material Co., Ltd.